![]() ![]() Using this method, we discovered strong evidence for the current anthrax toxin translocation model, the conformational change of the toxin accompanied with its pH environments, and the small molecules that have interactions with the toxin. This system not only allows extensive studies in anthrax translocation process but is also broadly applicable to a variety of studies in membrane pores. An inward-directed H+ gradient markedly stimulated lactate uptake in rabbit intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles, and uphill transport against a. Our development of a novel perfusion system based on DIB allowed the proton gradient to be precisely and repeatedly switched over time. The proton gradient created by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is a confined energy source. This thesis will describe how droplet-interface bilayer (DIB) techniques, which have been developed as a model membrane system with distinct advantages over other platforms, are employed to study proton-gradient driven translocation of anthrax toxin. The mitochondrion is the power plant of the cell, where the energy derived from oxidation of fuels is converted to ATP, i.e. The respiratory chain creates a proton gradient of about one pH unit. ![]() However, the limitations of planar bilayers demand development of other sophisticated platforms to elucidate the mechanisms. A, Protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix during the redox reactions. Electrophysiological system for studying anthrax toxin translocation on planar lipid bilayers has yielded invaluable data on the process. The protons can travel back across the membrane, down the concentration gradient, however to do so they must pass through ATP synthase. Over the past decade, translocation of anthrax toxin has been widely studied not only because of its central role in the deadly pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis, but also because that it is one of the most tractable toxins and thus serves as an attractive model for studying the translocation machinery that is dependent on proton gradient across membrane. Much attention has been devoted to understanding the machinery of such delivery and how it functions. The transport of positively charged protons along a pH gradient serves to generate energy in cellular systems where membranes maintain the gradient. Transmembrane proton gradient plays a fundamental role in protein translocation across cellular membranes, including the transport of secreted enzymes from bacterial pathogens into host cells. ![]()
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